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Is your car competent to testify in the courtroom?

The computers devices in cars made today retain a lot of data.  The “event date recorder,” known as the “EDR,” is a computer module that stores a lot of data about a vehicle’s driving.  It is compared to the “black box” carried by airliners.  They are planted in 85% of American vehicles today.  EDRs are not all alike, but they are capable of recording brake application, steering, speed at time of impact when there has been a crash. Incidentally, it can record whether driver and passenger were wearing their seatbelts. The EDRs was designed to collect data so federal safety standards could be improved, but more and more now, the EDRs have become exhibits in the courtroom when a crime is alleged or serious accident occurs. New rules for EDRs will take effect next year from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.  The new regulations will require the devices record and preserve a certain minimum of crash data, fifteen categories of data, including pre-crash speed, engine throttle, changes in forward velocity and the deployment of the airbags.  The regulations will not require the installation of EDRs Judges in the many various state and federal courts vary in their willingness to allow electronic devices into evidence. Identification of the device, verifications and chain of custody can tip the decision on admissibility.  Often judges may be less willing to admit something as the judge is less familiar with it, perhaps arguably either afraid of it or enraptured by it. Such pieces of electronic data should be used more in the courtroom to give evidence of the facts, according to their advocates.  They want to make it easier to authenticate such electronic articles, which are sometimes challenged in the courtroom because they do not conform to the rules of evidence.  Of course, the advocates are willing to change the rules of evidence to make it easier to get them into evidence. Not so fast, say the skeptics.   These little electronic treasures may abound in data, but what do we know about how that data got there, and therefore, how reliable is that data?  They should be treated as hearsay evidence and excluded from evidence as a default unless their reliability can be shown. These little jewels are not infallible, passive receptacles of fact and incorruptible testifiers to those facts, say the skeptics.  Instead, they view electronic devices as fundamentally manipulable to the designer’s wishes.  Whatever the creator put in the device, so it will carry a bias forever.  The creator of the device makes it subject to certain software that modifies, colors, and skews production of data according to some agenda.  Without complete disclosure of that software, no one can know that agenda or what data is being presented.  Usually, that is where a wall goes up, and the owners/designers of the electronic device claims propriety secrecy.  Certainly, that is common in breath analysis machines when criminal defense lawyers demand how certain results are produced.  Prosecutors (usually hiding behind the manufacturers) never want to produce such explanations, and only very rarely do courts demand they produce them.

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Mafia Cops keep Pensions

Posted by Edmond Geary on 06-17-2010

Stephen Caracappa and Louis Eppolito were convicted three years before of acting as assassins for the Mafia while they were employed by New York Police Department.    Finally, [in March, 2009] they were sentenced in Brooklyn by U.S. District Court by Judge Jack Weinstein, Eppolito to life plus 100 years with a fine of $4.75 million, Caracappa to life plus 80 years and a fine of $4.25 million.

The judge said the two defendants likely had hidden assets to pay the fines.  One asset that will not be seized, however, is their police pensions.  Both men have been drawing tax-free disability pensions from the City of New York since they left the police department.  Caracappa retired in 1992 as a first-grade detective.  He receives $5,313 a month.  Eppolito retired in 1990 as a second-grade detective and receives a $3,896 per month in pension.

Both detectives, who joined the police force in 1969, retired before they were charged with anything, so their convictions do not interrupt their pensions from the city.  Although first reports of the detective’s corruption surfaced in 1979, they continued to receive promotions in the police department.  Implicated a  number of times, they were never charged until in this prosecution.  The pensions are not subject to seizure for the fines due the federal government.

Under New York law, pensions due former public employees are treated as property in trust for the employee. Efforts to exact forfeiture of such pensions as penalty for those convicted of corruption have failed in the past.  In 2009, 450 corrupt former officials, judges and police officers were reportedly still receiving pensions despite their convictions.

Caracappa, now 68 years old, is gaunt, with little color in his face.  Eppolito is 61 and doing better but still a wreck.   They will have little opportunity to spend their pensions in prison, but their families can.  The testimony of the families of some of their victims at the sentencing hearing did not prompt either of the men to give up their pensions.

Caracappa’s and Eppolito’s trial [in 2006?] lasted 3 weeks.  It was built around the testimony of Burton Kaplan, a wholesale garment dealer who was involved in a number of schemes with people in organized crime.  Jimmy Breslin wrote a book about Kaplan, entitled “The Good Rat, ” which describes how Caracappa, using a police computer, helped track down a man named Nicholas Guido for the Mafia.  Caracappa made a mistake, however, and gave a wrong address with the same name, who was soon shot to death.

Caracappa’s and Eppolito were charged with accepting $4,000 a month payments from the mob for spying, plus tens of thousands extra for the occasional kidnapping or murder.  They disclosed the identities of witnesses and leaked information, compromising investigations.  In their first mob killing in 1986, they used the siren on their unmarked car to pull over a jeweler on a Long Island road.  They told Israel Greenwald they needed him to stand in a lineup to investigate a traffic accident.  Then they drove him to a garage, where he was shot to death.

At their trial, the detectives were convicted of murdering a capo in the Gambino family capo in his Mercedes-Benz on the Belt Parkway in New York.  The jury also found them guilty of kidnaping a man, putting him in the trunk of their car, and delivering him to a mobster, who then tortured the man for hours before killing him.

Following the trial in which they were convicted of racketeering conspiracy, the trial judge issued but did not impose a life sentence for each detective.  The judge stated he believed the five-year statute of limitations had run on the crimes the defendants had committed and therefore overturned the convictions.  The most serious crimes of which the two detectives were accused occurred in Brooklyn, including murders, in the 1980s and 1990s, prosecutors used more recent and less serious crimes, such as money-laundering and dope distribution in Las Vegas, Nevada, in 2004-2005, to bring the earlier acts into the conspiracy net as an ongoing criminal enterprise.  The judge did not believe the conspiracy could include the earlier acts, but the United States Court of Appeals differed and reinstated the convictions.

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